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2025, 6(3): 462-479 |
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Ethics code: IR.IAU.SRB.REC.1401.272
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Mirzaei Jahed A, vakili S, moghadasin M, nasrolahi B, Molanorouzi K. (2025). The Mediating Role of Parents’ Difficulties With Emotion Regulation in the Relationship Between Parental Psychological Flexibility and Children’s Clinical Disorders. Journal of Childhood Health and Education. 6(3), 462-479. doi:10.32598/JECHE.6.3.372.1
URL: http://jeche.ir/article-1-341-en.html
URL: http://jeche.ir/article-1-341-en.html
Atefeh Mirzaei Jahed1 
, Samira Vakili *2 , Maryam Moghadasin3 , Bita Nasrolahi4 , Keyvan Molanorouzi5
, Samira Vakili *2 , Maryam Moghadasin3 , Bita Nasrolahi4 , Keyvan Molanorouzi5
1- Department of Psychology, SR.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
2- Department of Psychology and Education of Exceptional Children, SR.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
3- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.
4- Department of General Psychology, SR.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
5- Department of Sport science, SR.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
2- Department of Psychology and Education of Exceptional Children, SR.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
3- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.
4- Department of General Psychology, SR.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
5- Department of Sport science, SR.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
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Introduction
Children are one of the most vulnerable age groups and are susceptible to various psychological disorders. The family is the first and most important environment that plays a fundamental role in developing children's personalities. It is essential to consider the factors contributing to children's behavioral and clinical disorders. One of the major risk factors is parental psychological flexibility (PPF) which refers to the ability to nonjudgmentally accept changes, negative thoughts, and emotions related to parenting. This flexibility allows parents to simultaneously engage in value-based actions that enhance their parenting styles. Parents’ impared psychological flexibility can hinder their children's ability to accept internal experiences and respond appropriately to environmental demands, which may lead to the development of behavioral problems in children.
A crucial question to consider is how PPF is related to children's clinical disorders. One important mechanism in this relationship may be emotion regulation. Difficulties in emotion regulation (DER) refer to an individual's problems in perceiving emotional experiences and responding to them adaptively. Psychological inflexibility is linked to challenges in regulating emotions. Parents' DER can affect their children's ability to manage emotions and may lead to behavioral issues. Mothers' DER and lack of emotional awareness are significantly linked to children's challenges in regulating their emotions and internalizing and externalizing behavioral problems.
Considering the role of DER in psychological disorders, it is important to explore its mediating role within a structural model that connects PPF to children's clinical symptoms. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine whether Iranian parents’ DER mediate the association between PPF and children’s clinical disorders.
Research Methods
This is a descriptive/correlational study. The study population consisted of parents of elementary school students aged 7-11 in 2022–2023 in districts 2, 4, 7, and 15 of Tehran, Iran. of these, 650 parents and their children were included in the study. The sampling was done using a convenience sampling method. The questionnaires administered in this study included the 18-item parental acceptance questionnaire (PAQ), the 36-item difficulty in emotion regulation scale (DERS), and 175-item parent rating scales for children (PRS-C) form of the behavior assessment system for children-third edition (BASC-3). These questionnaires were given to parents during parent-teacher meetings and were collected after completion by visiting the schools again.
For descriptive analysis of the collected data, SPSS version 27 was utilized, while for structural equation modeling (SEM), AMOS software, version 29 was employed. Before data analysis, the assumptions of normality and the absence of multicollinearity were examined. Skewness and kurtosis indices values confirmed the normality of the distribution for the three main variables. Variance inflation factor (VIF) and tolerance statistics were used to assess the assumption of no multicollinearity. Since none of the tolerance values were below 0.1 and none of the VIF values exceeded 10, the assumption of no multicollinearity was also confirmed.
Results
Tables 1 and 2 present the direct and mediating effects of the study variables, for evaluating and determining the presence or absence of direct and indirect effects on children's clinical disorders.
According to the results in Table 1, the direct effects were signifcant (P<0.05). The direct path between PPF to children's clinical disorders was significant (β=–0.442, P=0.001). The direct path between DER and children's clinical disorders was also significant (β=0.254, P=0.001). Finally, the direct path between PPF to DER was also significant (β=–0.539, P=0.001). The bootstrap method with 5,000 resampling iterations was employed to assess the indirect (mediation) effect. As shown in Table 2, the indirect effect of PPF on children's clinical disorders through DER was significant (β=–0.137, P=0.001).
Conclusion
The results confirmed the significant indirect effect of PPF on children's clinical disorders through parents’ DER. This indicates the significant mediating role of parents’ DER in the relationship between PPF and children's clinical disorders.
Ethical Considerations
Compliance with ethical guidelines
This study was approved the Ethics Committee of Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran (Code: IR.IAU.SRB.REC.1401.272). The research adhered to the ethical standards outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was obtained from all participants after providing detailed information about the study objectives, procedures, confidentiality, and data usage.
Funding
This study was extracted from the first author’s doctoral dissertation in General Psychology at Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran. This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for profit sectors.
Authors contributions
All authors contributed equally to the conception and design of the study, data collection and analysis, interpretation of the results, and drafting of the manuscript. Each author approved the final version of the manuscript for submission.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank all parents who participated in this study for their cooperation and time.
Children are one of the most vulnerable age groups and are susceptible to various psychological disorders. The family is the first and most important environment that plays a fundamental role in developing children's personalities. It is essential to consider the factors contributing to children's behavioral and clinical disorders. One of the major risk factors is parental psychological flexibility (PPF) which refers to the ability to nonjudgmentally accept changes, negative thoughts, and emotions related to parenting. This flexibility allows parents to simultaneously engage in value-based actions that enhance their parenting styles. Parents’ impared psychological flexibility can hinder their children's ability to accept internal experiences and respond appropriately to environmental demands, which may lead to the development of behavioral problems in children.
A crucial question to consider is how PPF is related to children's clinical disorders. One important mechanism in this relationship may be emotion regulation. Difficulties in emotion regulation (DER) refer to an individual's problems in perceiving emotional experiences and responding to them adaptively. Psychological inflexibility is linked to challenges in regulating emotions. Parents' DER can affect their children's ability to manage emotions and may lead to behavioral issues. Mothers' DER and lack of emotional awareness are significantly linked to children's challenges in regulating their emotions and internalizing and externalizing behavioral problems.
Considering the role of DER in psychological disorders, it is important to explore its mediating role within a structural model that connects PPF to children's clinical symptoms. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine whether Iranian parents’ DER mediate the association between PPF and children’s clinical disorders.
Research Methods
This is a descriptive/correlational study. The study population consisted of parents of elementary school students aged 7-11 in 2022–2023 in districts 2, 4, 7, and 15 of Tehran, Iran. of these, 650 parents and their children were included in the study. The sampling was done using a convenience sampling method. The questionnaires administered in this study included the 18-item parental acceptance questionnaire (PAQ), the 36-item difficulty in emotion regulation scale (DERS), and 175-item parent rating scales for children (PRS-C) form of the behavior assessment system for children-third edition (BASC-3). These questionnaires were given to parents during parent-teacher meetings and were collected after completion by visiting the schools again.
For descriptive analysis of the collected data, SPSS version 27 was utilized, while for structural equation modeling (SEM), AMOS software, version 29 was employed. Before data analysis, the assumptions of normality and the absence of multicollinearity were examined. Skewness and kurtosis indices values confirmed the normality of the distribution for the three main variables. Variance inflation factor (VIF) and tolerance statistics were used to assess the assumption of no multicollinearity. Since none of the tolerance values were below 0.1 and none of the VIF values exceeded 10, the assumption of no multicollinearity was also confirmed.
Results
Tables 1 and 2 present the direct and mediating effects of the study variables, for evaluating and determining the presence or absence of direct and indirect effects on children's clinical disorders.
According to the results in Table 1, the direct effects were signifcant (P<0.05). The direct path between PPF to children's clinical disorders was significant (β=–0.442, P=0.001). The direct path between DER and children's clinical disorders was also significant (β=0.254, P=0.001). Finally, the direct path between PPF to DER was also significant (β=–0.539, P=0.001). The bootstrap method with 5,000 resampling iterations was employed to assess the indirect (mediation) effect. As shown in Table 2, the indirect effect of PPF on children's clinical disorders through DER was significant (β=–0.137, P=0.001).
Conclusion
The results confirmed the significant indirect effect of PPF on children's clinical disorders through parents’ DER. This indicates the significant mediating role of parents’ DER in the relationship between PPF and children's clinical disorders.
Ethical Considerations
Compliance with ethical guidelines
This study was approved the Ethics Committee of Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran (Code: IR.IAU.SRB.REC.1401.272). The research adhered to the ethical standards outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was obtained from all participants after providing detailed information about the study objectives, procedures, confidentiality, and data usage.
Funding
This study was extracted from the first author’s doctoral dissertation in General Psychology at Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran. This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for profit sectors.
Authors contributions
All authors contributed equally to the conception and design of the study, data collection and analysis, interpretation of the results, and drafting of the manuscript. Each author approved the final version of the manuscript for submission.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank all parents who participated in this study for their cooperation and time.
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Received: 2025/05/12 | Accepted: 2025/10/7 | Published: 2025/12/16
Received: 2025/05/12 | Accepted: 2025/10/7 | Published: 2025/12/16
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