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Ethics code: IR.IAU.TNB.REC.1404.179
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Azizi N, Baseri A, Abu al-Maali al-Husseini K. (2026). Multilevel Analysis Of Individual And Social Factors As Explainers Of social Interests Among Different Iranian Ethnic Groups. Journal of Childhood Health and Education. 7(1), doi:10.32598/JECHE.7.1.452.1
URL: http://jeche.ir/article-1-395-en.html
URL: http://jeche.ir/article-1-395-en.html
1- Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
2- Department of Educational Psychology, NT.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
3- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social and Cultural Sciences, Imam Hussein University, Tehran, Iran
2- Department of Educational Psychology, NT.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
3- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social and Cultural Sciences, Imam Hussein University, Tehran, Iran
Abstract: (3 Views)
Background and Aim: The present study aimed to conduct a multilevel analysis of individual and social factors explaining social interest among adolescents from various Iranian ethnic groups (Fars, Kurd, and Turk). This research examined the role of individual-level variables—including parenting styles, self-efficacy, and basic psychological needs—as well as second-level variables, including provincial human development indicators (life expectancy, education, and per capita income) in predicting social interest.
Methods: The study employed a correlational design using multilevel modeling. The level-one population consisted of adolescents aged 15 to 17 from the Fars, Turk, and Kurd ethnic groups from Tabriz, Tehran and Sanandaj citeis, and a sample of 592 individuals was selected through convenience sampling. Level-two data related to human development indicators were obtained from the Iranian Statistical Organization. Research instruments included Schaefer’s Parenting Style Questionnaire (1965), Sherer et al.’s Self-Efficacy Scale (1982), and the Basic Psychological Needs Scale by Guardia, Deci & Ryan (2000), along with official national statistics. Data analyses were conducted using SPSS, JASP, and Amos softwares.
Results: Findings showed that self-efficacy did not have a significant effect on social interest, whereas parenting styles significantly predicted social interest with 99% confidence. Basic psychological needs were marginally significant. At the second level, ethnic differences (based on provincial human development indicators) significantly affected social interest. Regarding interaction effects, the interaction between self-efficacy and human development index, as well as the interaction between parenting styles and human development index, were significant; however, the interaction between basic psychological needs and human development index was not significant. The final model demonstrated good fit across all three ethnic groups.
Discussion: The findings indicated that social interest among Iranian adolescents is simultaneously influenced by both individual and social factors, reflecting its cross‑cultural nature. Parenting styles emerged as the most important individual predictor, while human development indicators played a significant role at the societal level in explaining social interest among ethnic groups. These results suggest an effective strategy for enhancing mental health, social cohesion, and social capital at both the individual and collective levels. Overall, the findings confirm the importance of a multilevel approach in analyzing adolescents’ social behaviors.
Methods: The study employed a correlational design using multilevel modeling. The level-one population consisted of adolescents aged 15 to 17 from the Fars, Turk, and Kurd ethnic groups from Tabriz, Tehran and Sanandaj citeis, and a sample of 592 individuals was selected through convenience sampling. Level-two data related to human development indicators were obtained from the Iranian Statistical Organization. Research instruments included Schaefer’s Parenting Style Questionnaire (1965), Sherer et al.’s Self-Efficacy Scale (1982), and the Basic Psychological Needs Scale by Guardia, Deci & Ryan (2000), along with official national statistics. Data analyses were conducted using SPSS, JASP, and Amos softwares.
Results: Findings showed that self-efficacy did not have a significant effect on social interest, whereas parenting styles significantly predicted social interest with 99% confidence. Basic psychological needs were marginally significant. At the second level, ethnic differences (based on provincial human development indicators) significantly affected social interest. Regarding interaction effects, the interaction between self-efficacy and human development index, as well as the interaction between parenting styles and human development index, were significant; however, the interaction between basic psychological needs and human development index was not significant. The final model demonstrated good fit across all three ethnic groups.
Discussion: The findings indicated that social interest among Iranian adolescents is simultaneously influenced by both individual and social factors, reflecting its cross‑cultural nature. Parenting styles emerged as the most important individual predictor, while human development indicators played a significant role at the societal level in explaining social interest among ethnic groups. These results suggest an effective strategy for enhancing mental health, social cohesion, and social capital at both the individual and collective levels. Overall, the findings confirm the importance of a multilevel approach in analyzing adolescents’ social behaviors.
Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
Special
Received: 2025/12/15 | Accepted: 2026/03/21 | Published: 2026/03/21
Received: 2025/12/15 | Accepted: 2026/03/21 | Published: 2026/03/21
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